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In the heated political summer of July 2013, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi — then still the Minister of Defense — appeared on camera to make a direct appeal to the Egyptian people: “I am asking the Egyptian people for something. Next Friday, all honorable and loyal Egyptians must take to the streets. Why? To give me a mandate and an order to confront potential violence and terrorism.”
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As human beings, we like to make sense of the world around us. We connect this thing to that thing, we draw a map in our minds that helps us navigate life and make decisions. But often, that map starts with a simple metaphor — and slowly, over time, that metaphor turns into a “truth” in our minds. Take, for example: “The brain is like a computer.” That was originally just a scientific analogy, meant to help explain a complex idea. But over time, we started treating the brain as if it literally were a computer. And we forgot that, at the end of the day, we are human — not machines.
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The ultimate outcome of the 2025 Bundestag election has yielded a coalition environment that is dominated bilaterally by CDU/CSU and SPD. Looking at the results of the elections, CDU/CSU is in the forefront with 208 seats (28.52%), followed by AfD with 152 seats (20.8%), SPD with 120 seats (16.41%), and the Greens with 85 seats (11.61%). Die Linke garnered 64 seats (8.77%), and SSW has only one seat (0.15%). Notably, BSW (4.97%) and FDP (4.33%) failed to gain representation in the Bundestag. This means that CDU/CSU and SPD are the sole potential coalition partners under these results, with a total of 328 seats, enough to form a government. By this, it is a two-player coalition bargaining game, and bargaining strength must be based on interdependency, not simply the count of seats.
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The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework has been an essential part of Europe’s strategy for collective defense and provides a platform where collaborative work by the EU member states for the development and enhancement of military capabilities is facilitated. Long-term efficacy will depend on full involvement by every country in PESCO, and actually I see that sentence is even more meaningful when we talk particularly about the smaller countries. Projects such as the European Patrol Corvette EPC with Greece and Portugal showcase the integration of these smaller countries within complex projects in defense. These nations provide distinctive geographic and operational advantages, including Portugal’s presence in the Atlantic and Greece’s expertise in naval operations, which are crucial for fortifying Europe’s maritime defense. Emphasizing their participation not only improves the projects under PESCO but also guarantees an equitable distribution of the benefits of innovation throughout the European Union.
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The decline of industrial activities and related economic marginalization have radically changed communities by undermining social cohesion, collective memory, and economic sustainability. Drawing on studies by Alice Mah, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, and Stuart W. Leslie, this article endeavors to examine the varied influences of industrial decline on community identity, memory, and socio-political dynamics. It also looks at how innovation policies contribute to regional disparities by pointing to the trend of copying models completely in disregard for the specific needs of less-developed regions. Finally, it synthesizes actionable strategies in overcoming such regional deficiencies by focusing on context-sensitive policies, infrastructure development, community involvement, and a sustainable system of policies for balanced development.
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I engage with the dominant view on limited need for modification when models are transmitted across regions in global innovation policy. Although the authors criticize the “one-size-fits-all” methodology and promote the idea of localized adaptation, I contend that a more profound shift is necessary — advocating for a model of radical localism, whereby regions should completely forsake standardized frameworks in preference for policies developed exclusively based on local needs, historical backgrounds, and socio-political contexts.
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This analysis is based on a detailed examination of 7 articles on the subject. It aims to provide a broader perspective by bringing together research on the Aegean dispute between Greece and Turkey, military expenditures, and the defense policies of these two countries. The varied perceptions and results come to offer a detailed apprehension regarding the causes of regional tensions and potential solutions.
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Military R&D has long been one of the major driving forces of technological change, especially in the industrialized nations. R&D investment from the DoD and member countries of NATO drives both military and civilian technology advancement. The investigation is elaborated in this article in light of theoretical conceptions, mechanisms, and historical contexts that are expressing this linkage. It deals with how military-driven innovation has molded the fortunes — through case studies in some detail along with quantitative estimates — of industries related to semiconductors, commercial aviation, and information technology. This article also addresses the more general influences of military R&D on national innovation structures, due to the crowding out of private industry innovation and its effects on productivity growth.
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The American military budget inflation is a difficult question, involving diverse political, economic, and institutional factors. The rate of military inflation in 1940 was on an advancing track compared to the non-military governmental sector and with respect to the entire economy (Fordham, 2003). With such regard, trying to figure out the exact cost of military spending through time becomes fairly challenging. In the seminal work “The Political and Economic Sources of Inflation in the American Military Budget” by Benjamin O. Fordham, reasons for the existence of that reality are listed as follows: public sector inflation induced by labor intensity, the cyclic nature of military spending, and the effect of the Pentagon on deflator series. This article thus consolidates Fordham’s work and relevant literature to serve as a basis from which to understand inflation in the U.S. military budget.
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Military spending is a very significant and highly scrutinized aspect of government policy, because it epitomizes the complex interaction of issues regarding national defense, economic interests, and political ideology. Decisions to allocate resources in favor of defense over competing needs in other sectors such as social welfare, education, or infrastructure are not made based on perceived threats but are so significantly conditioned by the ideology of the ruling party. This article provides a summarized analysis of the impact of government ideology on military spending by referring to various academic research with a great variety of empirical data.
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Nowadays, more and more countries have progressively set their defense industries toward exports. A number of economic, strategic, and operational factors give rise to this trend, which underscores the importance of military exports in view of maintaining a viable defense industrial base. This article discusses reasons for such a phenomenon, as well as multifaceted forms of benefits linked to an export-oriented defense approach.
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History shows that geopolitical risks, armed conflicts, and wars were common catalysts to the emergence of new defense technology innovations. While there is some common belief which is enough for deduction that conflicts restrict technological advance in the conflicting countries, recent works, such as José M. Ortiz-Villajos & José J. Martos-Gómez. (2023): Technological Emergence and Military Technology Innovation; prove the opposite. Indeed, this interaction shows how, while some regions face stagnation in innovation because of conflict, other regions can get benefits from such a situation, pushing for innovation and exports. Such a broad analysis will observe how current conflicts in Azerbaijan and Ukraine reflect this dual influence, orienting towards the principal actors: Turkey, Israel, Europe, and the United States.
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When we speak about technological innovations like AI technologies, it is already quite explicit that we are speaking about a range of completely diverse areas and applications, from machine learning to natural language processing, all of which somehow cohere under a banner that is quite comprehensible in the larger context of technological transformation.
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This analysis is based on triggered research by Uğur Ermiş and Günseli Gümüşel, published in Defense & Security Analysis (2023, Volume 39, Issue 1), for a critical appreciation of the industry’s failures and challenges between 1919 and 1950 in Turkey. It provides an effort toward baselining the understanding of the historical context that provides a backdrop for evaluating the industry’s evolution. Moreover, this analysis makes detailed comparisons with the current state of the Turkish defense sector based on recent data and my research findings. In this way, it incorporates historical perspectives with up-to-date information to build a complete picture of how the industry of that country has changed from early misguided beginnings into the successes it experiences at the current time.
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ABD’nin Bağımsız Ar-Ge (IR&D) programı, şirketlerin hükümet sözleşmelerindeki ek maliyetler aracılığıyla Ar-Ge’yi finanse etmelerine olanak tanıyarak savunma inovasyonunu desteklemektedir. Ancak bu sistem, hükümetin Ar-Ge için teklif vermesi, ancak bu maliyetlerin tedarik olarak kaydedilmesi nedeniyle toplam hükümet Ar-Ge harcamalarının olduğundan düşük gösterilmesine yol açar.
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This article is written from a collection of reports, insights, and data gathered and organized to give a guide to the dynamics of the German defense industry. Understanding the mechanisms of such an up-and-coming industry in the leading European country is helpful mainly for policy makers, industry experts and academicians.
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It is complex to assess why some countries are promising innovators in defense technology while others are not. Answering this question starts with defining the boundaries between three closely related yet distinct concepts: defense innovation, military innovation, and defense technology innovation. While these terms seem almost the same and are often used interchangeably, each refers to a distinctive framework for the national security and technological advancement landscape.
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This article is richly informed by the analysis of defense innovation literature, especially that seminal work by Dr. Simona R. Soare and Fabrice Pothier, “Leading Edge: Key Drivers of Defence Innovation and the Future of Operational Advantage.” More specifically, it digs into the thoughts, challenges, and strategic implications outlined in that seminal paper to examine the multidimensional nature of defense innovation, which holds a critical position in modern military strategies and national security in an increasingly complex global environment.
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From the 1980s and 1990s to the present day, much evolution has been noted in Türkiye’s defense industry. Looking back at the factors elaborated in the historical context, we can make comparisons that provide insight into Türkiye’s growth, strategic shifts, and challenges still facing its defense sector today.
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There is an essential political theory about civil-military relations, and a critical framework associated with it which is the “Shared-Democratic-Values Perspective.” This framework can help us understand and analyze the relations between civil and military in Egypt after sweeping changes starting with the “revolution” in 1952.
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This article is a summary for “On The Outside Looking In: Turkiye’s Peripheral Role in European Defence-industrial Collaboration Since the End of the Cold War Report” written by Karl Dewey, Haena Jo, Fenella McGerty, Ester Sabatino, and Tom Waldwyn.
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Detailed Analysis of “Is War Necessary for Economic Development?” by Vernon W. Ruttan
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In todays world of governing the interaction, between science and public policy stands out as a battleground where environmental and public health concerns take stage. Mark E. Rushefskys insightful piece, “The Misuse of Science in Government Decision Making “ explores this arena focusing on the Reagan administration era — a time when efforts were made to reduce the perceived burdens on industry. Rushefskys comprehensive examination reveals how scientific information can be distorted to serve interests jeopardizing the fundamental principles of scientific integrity and the reliability of governmental decisions.
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“How could two human beings who are base have sympathy of spirit one with the other? Or how could one that is good be in harmony with one that is bad? No more than a crooked piece of wood could be fitted to a straight one, or two crooked ones be put together.” Musonius Rufus.
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The following paper carries a comprehensive regression analysis designed for modeling and interpreting the determinants that have impacts on delivery time, where of course the two most meaningful predictors are the number of cases delivered (x1) and distance to the delivery location (x2). The analysis fits an initial regression model and then goes on to check its validity through residual diagnostics: checking for normality, independence, constant variance, multicollinearity, and the presence of outliers and influential observations. If assumptions are violated, potential remedies are considered, such as refining the model or adding more variables. Following the two-step approach, this research outlines and addresses issues of positive autocorrelation, poor model fit, and influential observations in an attempt to find a more robust and better-predictive model. The step-by-step procedure used provides a detailed framework under which regression analysis and model improvement should be carried out, as was evidenced in the practical interpretation of diagnostic results.